This bill matters because, while trade policy has been at the forefront over the past several months, tax and spending policy in Washington has been a growing source of uncertainty for many years. While there is political disagreement with the direction of this new budget, it does take the possibility of a “tax cliff” off the table - a situation where tax policy could have changed dramatically if provisions expired at the end of this year.
On an individual level, taxes directly affect many aspects of financial planning, and the specific provisions in this tax bill have immediate implications for household finances. From an economic perspective, many investors also worry about the level of government spending, the growing national debt, and other factors that have weighed on markets over the past two decades.
Thus, there are many angles from which to view the recently passed budget. What do investors need to know when it comes to their own financial plans and what it means for markets in the years to come?
Past performance is not indicative of future results
The new tax bill, dubbed the “One Big Beautiful Bill” by the administration, extends and expands several key aspects from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) that were set to expire. It also introduces new measures that provide other benefits to taxpayers, which are only partially offset by spending cuts in other areas. Here are just some of the major provisions that may affect households:
These and many other changes maintain the relatively low tax environment that has characterized the past several decades. As the accompanying chart shows, current tax rates remain well below the peaks experienced during much of the 20th century, when top marginal rates exceeded 70% and sometimes reached above 90% during wartime periods.
Past performance is not indicative of future results
Tax policy and government deficits are two sides of the same coin. This is because tax cuts reduce government revenues which then need to be offset by either lower spending or increased borrowing. However, most government spending is for entitlement and defense programs which are politically difficult to change. According to the Department of the Treasury, in 2025 21% of government spending is for Social Security, 14% for Medicare, 13% is for National Defense, and 14% is to pay interest costs on the existing national debt.
It's no surprise then that government borrowing has increased persistently over the past century and will likely continue to do so. The Congressional Budget Office, a non-partisan agency that supports Congress, estimates that this new tax and spending bill will add $3.4 trillion to the national debt over the next decade. This is against the backdrop of a federal debt that already exceeds 120% of GDP, or $36.2 trillion, which amounts to about $106,000 per American.
Unfortunately, there are no easy solutions to this challenge, especially because this is a contentious political topic. On the one hand, tax cuts can stimulate economic growth, which may help to offset revenue losses through increased economic activity. On the other hand, Washington has a poor track record of balancing budgets even when the economy is strong. The last balanced budgets occurred 25 years ago during the Clinton years, and 56 years before that during the Johnson administration.
It’s also important to remember that there has not always been an income tax in the United States. The modern income tax system began with the 16th Amendment in 1913 which applied modest rates to relatively few Americans. The system expanded dramatically during the Great Depression and World War II, with top rates reaching 94% by 1944. The post-war period brought various reforms, including President Reagan’s Tax Reform Act of 1986 that simplified the tax code and lowered rates.
The situation has changed significantly in the intervening years. As the accompanying chart above shows, individual income taxes now represent the primary source of federal revenue. Social insurance taxes, also known as payroll taxes, are withheld from wages and help to pay for Social Security, Medicare, unemployment insurance, and other programs. Other sources of revenue are much smaller in proportion and include corporate taxes, which were reduced by the TCJA, and excise taxes, such as tariffs.
For investors, tax policies can certainly have direct implications on financial plans and portfolios. From a macroeconomic perspective, however, fiscal implications have more limited effects. Over longer periods, higher debt levels can influence interest rates and inflation expectations. While these factors have been relatively high in recent years, many of the worst-case scenarios have not yet occurred. The key for long-term investors is to maintain diversified portfolios that can perform across different fiscal and economic environments, rather than reacting to policy changes alone.
Past performance is not indicative of future results
One set of provisions that would have been at the center of a tax cliff is the estate tax exemption. The TCJA doubled these limits which were scheduled to revert to previous levels this year. However, the passage of the new tax bill makes these higher exemptions permanent, further increasing the threshold to $15 million for individuals and $30 million for couples in 2026.
While it may seem like estate taxes only apply to higher net worth households, the reality is that all families must consider how assets can be passed to future generations. This requires a holistic approach that integrates estate planning, tax efficiency, philanthropy, and long-term family wealth preservation goals. It’s also important to keep in mind that individual states can also impose estate taxes with exemption thresholds that are less favorable than the federal level.